SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    997, 795, 972, 167, 989, 982, 1003, 1018, 
    1011
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00068

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "13.87"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id",
        "category_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "6",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 68,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 68,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "7.07",
        "eval_cost": "6.80",
        "prefix_cost": "13.87",
        "data_read_per_join": "177K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "((`aomnia_com`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (997,795,972,167,989,982,1003,1018,1011)) and (`aomnia_com`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 264))"
    }
  }
}