SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(1057, 1037, 1132, 1051, 1044, 271) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00061

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "9.67"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id",
        "category_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "6",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 47,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 47,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "4.97",
        "eval_cost": "4.70",
        "prefix_cost": "9.67",
        "data_read_per_join": "122K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "((`aomnia_com`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1057,1037,1132,1051,1044,271)) and (`aomnia_com`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 264))"
    }
  }
}